Windows 10 1703 download iso itarian scriptsave.Wireless World 1990 02

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

But they have been power lines. Wertheimer and Leeper have group living three miles away, Dowson assess the chronic use of electric blankets, recently linked increased miscarriage rates found that 15 in the former group versus waterbed heaters and electric mattress with EM fields from ceiling -cable heat- one in the latter reported recurrent pads. Improvisor can play music along with you or play alone, There are three ways to let Improvisor play solo — you can let the computer choose random notes, let it create a song with the program’s “intelli- gence” roudne, or let it play from its repertoire of familiar songs. It’s recommended that you start with the Rookie level f7 so you can get used to game play, The skill levels are as follows: fl Expert f3 Pro 15 Advanced f7 Rookie How To Play When the game begins, your first ship appears in the upper left cor- ner of the screen. Egon Ecken. Surrey SM2 5BR. Response from lens of thousands of satisfied customers can only mean we ‘re doing mail order rigtit!❿
 
 

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Es teisynas, Download battle vs chess for windows 7? Coco rodriguez dancer, Decreto de articulo 10, Booglampen gamma, Skype icon html code. A related issue is the excellent Commodore version of Microsoft BASIC. I’or one thing, there are no major bugs in this language, a less common achievement. Download /irst-tnk’, non Windows 10 1703 download iso itarian scriptsave.Full text of “Compute! Gazette Issue 41”

 
 

Hoist a sail on your monitor And sit down at the keys. Set your sails and your sights on the waters of Silicon Bay. With-I out question, thisquest is for you, FairlighC” com- bines magic, adventure, strategy, and action as you meet the challenge to find the Book of Light. You’re in a faraway and ancient land, out 3-dimensional high- resolution graphics make it all seem real. This epic will grab you. Only the strong and resourceful will conjure up the courage it takes to survive.

G01u’ sftippirig antl hondfin j. Think of the impUcations for doing math on your computer. You can also make words vari- ables. How does the computer dis- tinguish between numbers and words? There are probably as many ap- phcations for manipulating strings as there are for arithmetically ma- nipulating numbers. Printing Symbols Temporarily, we’ll leave printing numbers and words, and go to the symbols that are on the front side of the computer’s keys.

These are called graphics characters, and are unique to Commodore. They have many uses. You can print these symbols to the screen by holding the SHIFT or the Commodore key while typing any key with a graphics character on it. The best way to learn to use symbols is to experiment. Because of the variety of symbols, it’s possi- ble to create pictures, graphs, and charts, and to enhance the appear- ance of a printed screen by using the symbols to form borders and boxes.

Remember, you can use a? Line 10 prints the first word, then moves the cursor to print the next item on the line immediately below. In line 20, however, there is a cursor-down character before the second quotation mark, which makes the cursor skip a blank line between the second and third words.

Line 40 contains a cursor down on its own separate line, which yields two blank lines between the third and fourth words. Also try experimenting with cursor-right, -left, and -up charac- ters. If you’d like to save your ex- periments on disk, do so now. Then reset the computer by turning it off, then on.

Other PRINT-ables There are several other miscella- neous, but very convenient, uses for the PRINT statement; 1, Moving the cursor to the top left corner of the screen, 2, Moving the cursor to the top left comer of the screen and clear- ing the screen at the same time.

It will print two messages inside a small border. You’ll need to understand these listing conventions to type in any programs in the magazine. For example, when you see an under- lined character, you should hold down the SHIFT key while typing that character. Let’s begin the program with a line that turns the screen black — both background and border.

We’ll look at these in a future column, but for now, just type line 10 as you see it. The next line prints the top of a horizontally centered border. The cursor-rights are necessary because the cursor always starts at the left edge of the next line down after a PRINT statement. There are other ways to do this, but let’s save them for another time.

LIST the pro- gram. You’ll see both lines 50 and 60, and they will be identical. Do the same for lines The first character typed after the opening quotation mark is CTRL-8, which changes the text color to yellow.

This insures that what you want to print stays on the same line with the cursor after it’s been moved to the right.

This time, let’s print them in reverse. If the state- ments were placed in separate lines, the program would run the same. They make the program more compact, and, when used judiciously, easier for others to understand. Have you run the program yet?

If not, do so, and don’t forget to save it on disk for future reference. Next month we’t! Copies a lOO block tile in 20 seconds! Formats a disk in 8 seconds! By using special copy parameters that tell the nibbler how to either copy or remove protection from a particular disk, programs that would normally be impossible for any nibbler to ever copy are easily backed-up by Fast Hack’em.

Parameter updates of 25 to 30 new parameters are released bi-monthly and are S6. Dealer Inquiries Welcome! The drives automatically detect the disk being inserted and removed. An absolute must for multiple back-ups! Mapping the CommoilDre Ottis R. Publications, provides a de- tailed explanation of the inner workings of the Commodore computer. The book has complete, easy-to-follow documentalion for each of the six applications. It features SpeedScrlpt and SpeedCalc. All the applications are on a disk ready to load and use on the Commodore 64 and njnning in 64 mode.

Station, New York, NY Please include S2. NC residents add 4. NY residents add 8. Please allow weeks for delivery. Publicationsjnc, fl? Tim J. Midkift, Editorial Programmer Challenge a friend in this fast -paced, action-strategy game for the Commodore It’s ivritten entirely in machine language for rapid play and smooth movement.

Two joysticks are required. This two-player action game can be played at two conceptual levels: When you first play, it seems to be purely an action game — all speed and reflexes — but after you and your opponent master the basics of the game, you’ll discover the im- portance of having a strategy. The object of “Bump-N-Run” is to get the ball and shoot it into the other player’s goal.

Of course, your opponent is trying to do the same, and this is the conflict which is the heart of the game. Typing It In Bunip-N-Run is a machine lan- guage game, so you must use “MLX,” the machine language en- try program found elsewhere in this issue, to type it in. Be sure to have two joysticks plugged in. One player has the ball attd is threaten- ing to score. Bumping And Running As with many computer games, the best way to learn this one is by playing it.

The game begins with the ball in the middle of the court and each player guarding his own goal. The joystick in port 1 controls the purple player. The yellow play- er is controlled by the joystick in port 2, Catch the ball by touching it with your player. Your opponent can then steal the ball by bumping into you. The direction and speed your player travels is controlled by the joystick. When you first push the joystick, you move slowly; keep pushing and you’ll accelerate.

Press the fire button to shoot the ball. When the ball is released, you lose your speed, but the ball continues on with your previous speed and direction. Make sure your shot is accurate, because once you shoot the ball you can’t catch it again un- til it bounces off a wall. Remember that you can steal the ball from your opponent at any time simply by bumping him. The first player to score 15 goals wins, and the game is reset when both players press the fire button.

Here are a few more details concerning the physics of the game. When players collide, their veloci- ties and directions are exchanged. Collisions with the walls cause players to bounce back.

A player may go beyond the walls only if he is pushed by another player. See program listing on page It’s a short program and uses no machine language— yet the result is a fine, fast, two-player, hl-res action game.

For the Commodore At a length of roughly IK, it’s a much more condensed program than a similar version for the 64 would be. The game concept is not new. It’s basically a version of the classic Tron game where two light-cycles duel to see who survives.

Four choices face you as your light-cycle tools around the playing area: Do you move up, down, left, or right? If you make no choice, you continue in the direction in which you were already moving. Trailing behind each player is a wall of light, which both must avoid hitting. Eventually one player or the other gets trapped in an ever- shrinking area and crashes into a wall. The survivor wins one point. After typing Obstacle in, save a copy. To play, load it and type RUN.

Be sure to have two joy- sticks plugged in. The first player to accumulate five points is declared the winner. There is some variety in every battle as the size of the arena changes and the players start mov- ing in different directions. There are several strategies to this game, but in general the player who carves out the most area and commits the fewest mistakes will be the winner.

How It Works The program is divided into three parts: the setup of the screen in lines , joystick control and graphics in lines , and sound effects and scoring in lines , Let’s look at the program in some detail.

SOUND 3,, generates an incessant beat of a low frequency cycles per second for jiffies, so this will last 8 minutes and 20 seconds, enough for the whole game.

And the best keeps getting bet- ter. This hilai-ious s[X of of ‘s pulp science fiction has 3 “naughtiness levels,” for the pmde to the lewd.

One’s really warped. Then there’s “TtTnity. One’s a real circus. To solve the ciime Note how both players have closely followed each other in an attempt to cut each other off. Current positions are in the upper left section of the screen.

Line 20 sets the background color, the border color, and multi- color 1 and 2. A random number between 30 and 69 determines the size of the playing field. The handy CHAR command places text any- where on the screen.

Line 40 generates the locations and the starting positions of the combatants in the arena. X and Y are the x and y coordinates for the position of the first player, and A and B are the coordinates of the sec- ond player.

In Une 40, X is subject to a little randomness, as is A, so that the players start at different ,t coor- dinates when the game begins. Y and B are set at , so both players will start in the middle of the screen. Next, random values are as- signed to J and K, the directions of movement of player 1. If J is 1, the player travels to the right, and if J is — 1, the player travels to the left.

If K is 1, the player moves 4own, and if K is —1, the player moves up. Since this game has no diagonal movements, one of the two direc- tions has to be zero, while the other is nonzero. L and M are the corre- sponding movement directions for player 2. The Main Loop After the board is set up, we’re ready to start the game. Lines are the main loop, where all the action takes place. The joystick reading function JOY is quite handv.

If the joystick is untouched centered , Jl equals zero and the program skips the next four lines. Lines control the direc- tion of movement of player one, ad- justing the X and y coordinates based on the current state of the joystick.

Line sees it the cyclist bumps into anything such as his trail, the other player, or the arena walls. Then we read the dot color of the selected pixel, using RD0T 2. If the color is either 2 or 3, player one has crashed into something and lost a battle.

Line updates the position of player one, and the DRAW com- mand puts a small dot with color 3 on the screen representing the player. Lines are the analo- gous lines for player two. The only thing different is that new variables es. One really smells. One’s really haimting. So you’ll die to replay it again and again. All four are easy to get. Willi the lip of a switdi go to composite or K iBI, This is not an emulation of RGBI or d mono- chrome cable and re- quires no sofiunre or use of computer memorj.

Wth Dur conversion system your composite monitor IS an Kdlil monitor. Our conversion sj-stem is a hard- ware add-on and requires minor assembly. All components necessary for xssembly are included, lor those re- quiring additional assistance wc have provided a technical support nnmber to call.

Vii’ are firmly conunitted to customer support. So don’t wait any longer — fiel the full use of your monitor — convert it to RGi51 with Dij;iTek. Just send S For more information or to place your order call our cusKimer senice iine at Florida Ave. There is a S5. Dealer inquiries vM’Icome. Line tests whether either player has crashed. If so, the pro- gram jumps to the scoring section in lines Line directs the program back to the start of the joystick-reading part beginning at line 50 to continue with the move- ment of both players.

The final part of the program contains the routines for scoring, sound effects, and printing crash messages on the screen. Lines detect the rare occurrence when both players crash at the same time.

Line creates another explosion, and the computer SLEEPS for one second so that the players can view the screen for a short time.

The two scores are con- verted to strings, because CHAR can’t handle numeric variables, and printed to the hi-res screen. Lines check whether either player has won five matches. If so, a congratulatory message is dis- played for the winner, and the pro- gram jumps to line Otherwise J3 and J4 the collision flags are re- set to zero and another round begins.

There are several ways pro- grammers could modify and en- hance the game. When a player crashes into a wall, perhaps you could use CIRCLE to draw a series of concentric circles to mark the spot where the crash happened.

You might also want to experiment with the sound effects and the victory song at the end of the game. The players would face the additional challenge of avoid- ing the obstacles. It wouldn’t be especially diffi- cult to convert Obstacle to a one-player game — you against the computer. A simple technique for moving the computer player is to use RDOT to check for an imminent collision, then pick a right or left turn, A slightly more intelligent rou- tine would look ahead, to see which direction has more empty space.

A joystick is required. Each game is played on a 3 X 3 matrix of squares, and each square is colored blue or orange. The object is simple: Manipulate the squares until they match the pattern displayed. After you type in the program, save a copy. The program first displays the titles of the game variations, numbered A box at the bottom of the screen displays the number 1, which corresponds to the first game variation, If you want to start with this one, just press the fire button.

To select any of the five games, move the joystick left or right. Right increments the variation number it will roll over from 5 to 1 , and left decrements the number it will roll over from 1 to 5.

Press the fire but- ton when the number displayed corresponds to the game you wish to play. INE: 2ll1. So you can imag- ine their reactions when we announced we’d discovered a new universe. People laughed. People scoffed. And they really freaked out when we told them where we’d found it: Inside a Commodore It’s called GEOS. And it turns any Commodore into a powerful PC that holds its own against any computer, no matter what kind of fruit it was named after. GEOS: The superior intelligence.

Of course, we always knew Commodores possessed superior brains. It just took GEOS to discover them. You see, GEOS opens your Commodore to a huge universe that can hold an infinite number of applications.

Increase your speed to warp factor 7. But five to seven times faster than normal. Which lets you streak through files and documents at what seems like warp speed.

And that saves you endless time. Every universe comes complete with a desk. It’s just like your desk at home, only without the coffee stains.

A notepad keeps your memos. And a calculator keeps your accountant honest. How to communicate with a new universe. With geoWrite, you can rearrange your written words. Move blocks of copy. Cut and paste. And even display your text in fonts of different styles and sizes, right on the screen.

With geoPaint, you become a Michelangelo with a mouse. Sketching and painting with alt kinds of colors, textures and patterns. You can invert, mirror and rotate images. Insert them into your geoWrite documents. Finding your way through the universe. The most difficult thing about a new universe is finding your way around. When GEOS offers you options, you just point to your answers and click your mouse or joystick.

You want to draw? Point and click. You want to write? You want to fill in that obtuse rhomboid with an air-brushed geometric pattern in a lighter shade of pink? Easy, huh? And in case you ever do make a mistake, GEOS backs you up with an “Undo” feature that undoes the very last command you entered. With GEOS, that’s hardly likely. Because there’s endless space in the universe for new applications.

Unfortunately, there’s only so much space in this ad. So zip down to your nearest software dealer. Tell him you want to explore the new universe in your Commodore. I litot! The name is universally known. To order, call ext. Softworks are tradenames of Berkeley Softworks. The brightest minds are working at Berkeley. Well, we told you it wouldn’t be long until the first GEOS applications were ready. And these are just the first. The number of satellites in the GEOS universe is infinite. Judge Font Pack on looks alone.

Let’s face it. People judge your work not only by what it says, but how it looks. That’s why we devel- oped Font Pack. A collec- tion of 20 different type styles that not only say what you mean, but really look like they mean it. Boalt is all business. And Telegraph is.

Look what we found in your desk. You know how there’s always one drawer in your desk that’s filled with really neat stuff? Well, GEOS has one of those, too. It’s called Desk Pack. And when you can’t deal with work, Desk Pack deals the sharpest Black Jack game this side of Vegas, complete with graphics and sound effects.

The GEOS universe is expanding. And we’ll report each new dis- covery to you as it occurs. And see how much you can explore. Personal checks allow 3 weeks to clear. COD charges S3. Ail goods are new and factory sealed, All sales are final. The computer randomly selects blue and orange squares, and places them on the game board. Be- cause the choices are random, there are over possible initial configu- rations for each pattern, A flashing cursor appears at the center of the game board when play begins.

Only the orange squares may be changed. If you press the fire button while on a blue square, nothing happens. Choosing one of the four corner squares 1, 3, 7, or 9 reverses the color of that square and the three adjacent squares. If you select the center square, its color is reversed and so are the colors of the four edge squares. There’s no limit to the number of moves you can make. A message will inform you when you solve the puzzle. In games , be careful not to change all the squares to blue.

If you do, there are no legal moves available — remember, you can’t reverse a blue square — and the game ends. It’s the easiest of the five. When you’ve mastered this one, try the others. Strategy You’ll probably develop your own way of solving the puzzles, but if you can’t seem to get anywhere, try to establish some sort of symmetry on the board and then make moves which maintain that symmehy. This will make it easier to solve the puz- zle, since all the goals are symmetri- cal.

See program listings on page Armed wtth only a machine gun and hand grenades, you must break through the enemy lines to reach the fort- ress.

Ltd, respect Iwely. All rights reserved. Vizawnte Classic Vizawriie Classic — written by Kevin Lacy, author of Omniwriter 64 and Vi- zastar 64 — may just be the most power- ful word processing tool presently available for the Commodore Besides having all the standard word processing features that users have come to expect, such as moving, copying, and deleting blocks of text; searching and replacing words and phrases; and centering, justifica- tion, and highlighting of text, Vizawrite has many extraordinary features.

Ex- cept for certain text enhancements, such as italics, Vizaivrite is a “what you see is what you get” word processor, permitting you to see onscreen what your document will look like when printed out. Vizawriie has over 59K of text memory, enough for a page document.

Of course, the program can link multiple files for creating extra long documents. To top it off, all of these features are in the ‘s 2 MHz fast mode and are displayed in 80 columns. In addition to these many ad- vanced word processing features, Vi- zawrite provides a great degree of control and flexibility over the system.

You can easily customize the display colors to your own choosing, and when a screen is customized and the file saved to disk, the color choices are saved along with it. A built-in calcula- tor with memory is available from a sin- gle keystroke, as well as online help windows that you can customize. A full range of disk commands is available from within the program — you can for- mat new disks; save, scratch, and verify files; and perform any DOS commands available from BASIC 7.

Vizawrite allows you to take full advantage of your printer’s capabilities by employing a “printer profile” sys- tem allowing you to create a custom printer profile to meet the exact needs 5a COMPUTEI’s G«i»ff9 Novembsr of your printer. The program then al- lows you to go through an extensive se- ries of options to define exactly what you want to print.

Vizawrite’s use of the printer is so extensive, however, that setting up a file to print the way you want may take some fime initially. Be- tween working through all the options and figuring out which are appropriate for use with your printer and the docu- ment in question, preparing to print is not simple.

Fortunately, once you’ve completed the exercise, your choices can be saved with the file. I found it useful to set up the desired printing op- tions and screen colors and save a blank file to disk. Then before creating a new document, I load in the blank file containing the desired options and save the time and trouble of setting up the options for every new document.

An additional printing capability of Vizawrite is its built-in proportional and near-letter-quality NLQ fonts. The program offers four different propor- tionally spaced fonts and three different NLQ fonts.

However, 1 could not get all of the proportionally spaced and NLQ fonts to work with my Epson printer. The fonts that worked with my Epson looked ex- tremely good. In fact, the Vizawrite user’s manual was produced using the program’s NLQ fonts.

Usually, the price of such power and versatility in a word processor is complexity and difficulty of use. How- ever, Vizawrite does an admirable job of making itself relatively easy to use. Vi- zawrite ufilizes a command bar at the top of the display screen and drop- down menus for most file, disk, print- ing, and utility commands. To activate the command bar, simply press the Commodore key; then use the cursor and RETURN key to drop a particular menu down into its subcommands.

However, once you become familiar with the commands available, you can employ a much fast- er command execution by simply press- ing the Commodore key and then the key corresponding to the first letter of the words representing the desired command and subcommand.

The word processing commands are fairly standard, using function and control keys. There are two quirks that may represent differences between Eu- ropean and American command con- ventions. First, the DELete key erases the character on which the cursor is placed.

The formatting of text is accom- plished by the use of embedded codes and what Vizawrite calls a format litte — a dotted line that appears above the text to be manipulated by the desired for- mat commands, such as tabs, margins, line spacing, column setting, and page breaks. Additionally, special printer codes can be defined on a format line, allowing the user to embed the neces- sary codes in the text to produce special characters or text enhancements, such as international characters, italics, and super- or subscripts.

While the embedded codes, format lines, and faint dots Vizawriie places in text between words— and wherever else the user leaves a space using the space bar — may be visually distracting, Vi- zawrite provides the option to hide such formatting symbols. You simply press CONTROL and then H, and the for- matting symbols are “hidden” on the screen, thereby permitting you to view your document almost as it would ap- pear when printed on paper.

I say at- mosi because some text enhancements are not displayed on the screen, such as italics, condensed print, superscripts, and subscripts. Seeing your document as it will appear on paper as you are editing is a tremendous feature in a word processor— one that cannot be overstated. Besides allowing you to be more creafive while writing, the hide option saves you a significant amount of time because you don’t have to switch between an edit and a preview mode or print out the document to see how it will appear on paper.

One for all. Want to spruce up your homework with colorful charts and graphs? Need crisp “Near Letter Quality” printing for business correspondence? Maybe you want expanded or fine print, italics, underlining, superscripts, or subscripts? You guessed it. With this versatile printer you also get such high-end features as built-in type fonts, a element printhead and the ability to make transparencies for overheads.

Apple Oompmcr. Ini IBM. Initrnauonal Huvlnws Mjchines Coip. Inicrnaipiinal Busmrw Machines Curpi Yet another great feature of Viza- write is its integrated 30,word dic- tionary, which allows you to access the spell -checking functions from the com- mand bar without having to save your document file to disk before checking the spelling. The spell-checking abili- ties include listing the words in your document alphabetically, according to usage, and by unrecognized words. Provided are several utilities which allow creation of a user dictionary for specialized use, and expansion and re- structuring of the existing dictionary.

The package includes a disk con- taining the Vizawrite program on one side and the dictionary on the other, and a cartridge for the user port. Since the cartridge must be in place before the program will load, the disk is supplied to the user without copy protection. This enables you to easily make backup and working copies of the program and dictionary files. I must note, however, that I’m not crazy about having to plug in the cartridge every time I want to use the program.

Between the Vizawriie cartridge, a cartridge to use Vizawrite , and my fast load cartridge, I find myself pulling cartridges in and out much more often than I’d like. The program works with either a or disk drive, but is fairly slow to load even on the Once loaded, however, the program disk is no longer needed, thereby eliminating most of the disk-swapping headaches of a single-disk-drive user. In fact, the program is almost easier to use with a single disk drive.

While Vizawrite al- lows the user to define which drive the program should look to, it does not allow simultaneous use of two disk drives. Frankly, I find it easier to flip the lever on the disk drive and switch disks than to remember the command to switch to a different drive number, Vizawrite is not a program you can load up and use immediately. Fortu- nately, it comes with a fairly well- written and concise manual, as well as a couple of example document files on the program disk.

While infrequent us- ers will probably find themselves leaf- ing through the manual periodically to refresh their memory on certain com- mands, the frequent user should be able to shelve the manual after the first few documents produced. All in all, Vizawrite is a top-notch program. Its power, versatility, and de- sign leave little room for disappoint- ment.

It could become a, if not the, word processor of choice for the The only noticeable shortcoming is the absence of an option to use a column display, which makes the pro- gram unusable to owners with a column monitor. Solid State Soft- ware has indicated that enhancements to Vizawrite are in the works that will enable it to take advantage of the RAM expanders for the as RAMdisks, and to add a font editor permitting you to define your own font styles.

While Infocom’s The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy is among the most famous of these, Telarium Software has special- ized in them from the beginning.

With early titles such as Fahrcniteit , Ren- dezvous with Rama, and DragotiworSd, Telarium has had plenty of experience bridging the two fields.

Nine Princes in Amber ior the Com- modore 64 demonstrates the pros and cons of such an enterprise. Based on the first two novels of Roger Zelazny’s well-known Amber fantasy series, the story takes you, in the role of Corwin of Amber, through many adventures on your hopeful path to tlie Amber throne. Ericson A. Kallen BG. An epidemiological study of work with video screens and pregnancy outcome: 1. A registry. Am J Ind Med and McDonald A et al.

Visual display units and pregnancy: evidence from the Montreal survey. J Occ Med. Kruppa K et al. Birth defects and exposure to visual display terminals during pregnancy. Scand J Work Environ I lealth, I ISE. Working with VDUs. Bryant HE. Love EJ. Video display terminal use and spontaneous abortion risk. Goldhaber MK et al. The risk of miscarriage and birth defects among women who use visual display terminals during pregnancy.

Health aspects of work with visual display terminals. Bramwell RS. Davidson Mi. Visual display units VDUs. I – and reproductive health – the unresolved controversy. The Psychologist: Bull. Br Pysch Soc. Visual Display Units with evidence. Paper ,E8. Early PMF exposure shows greater effects.

VDT News City Centre. Stress and VDU Work. IOGHz wavelength 3cm produced a and whole live animals includ- toxic or organic, and repelling any decrease in the phosphorylation conver- ing man , has been the subject invaders by a variety of mechanisms still sion of sugar into phosphate factor in of increasing scientific curiosity during little understood. Here, too, experiments liver mitochondria, and an increase in res- recent decades.

This is partly because of with EM fields throw light on some of piratory control in kidney mitochondria. In such studies, yes there ing, immune defence, and the regulation any rate is hazardous, and can produce are effects, but what do they mean? The history of ionizing expo- Despite advances, we still do not sure limits has been in consequence one Initial Confusion know what controls the organic cell cycle of continuously falling values, from 10 The triglyceride story is another exam- in any multicellular creature.

Were it not for this, we would soon zling and no clear pattern has yet emerged up to a week, during which time they lose our familiar appearance, from face to to explain them consistently. As Szent- were exposed for up to one day to mag- fingerprints, and within a year perhaps be Gyorgyi, the Nobel prizewinning physi- netic fields of about l0’T at 45Hz much unrecognisable. The subjects’ serum tral commands of the system are passed basic fact about life is still missing.

Given the Without any such master plan, the spo- problems, the finding initially caused average speed of nervous conduction at radic results of research to date are like some concern’. But applying and protein synthesis, which are somehow Such facts which emerge are often, in the same field to rhesus monkeys accomplished in about five separate peri- consequence, almost equally confusing. Delorge4 produced the reverse effect: a ods, totalling a mere minutes each significant but unrepeated decrease was night.

Unit of biologi- found. And when Beischer himself tried The science of immunology was born cal dose given by the product of the the same thing out on mice in Its students realise that absorbed dose in rads and the relative results were also negatives, as were the there is a complex system of recognition biological efficiency of the radiation. The influence of I. Though Smith and Best” say that a review by Grissett” Beischer’s for- mer colleague omits any reference to Beischer’s work, implying that skuldug- gery was afoot, it was in fact extensively reviewed by Bridges and Preache in their overview of the biological effects of power frequency fields for the IEEE, and the problems pointed out”.

One might suppose that if you imprison a few young naval officer dropouts in a small room for a week with nothing much to do, they might start to put on fatty tissue from an uncontrolled diet, or even start arguing and fighting among themselves to use up some of their energy, which is what hap- pened.

As Beischer himself recorded at the time: “No effects were seen which could definitely be linked with the mag- netic field. However, serum triglycerides in most subjects appear to be affected by some factor, or combination of factors, associated with the experimental protocol. The number of subjects is too small, how- ever, to include statistically other factors such as psycho -physiological reactions to forced changes in personal living habits, modified activities, restrictive diet and confinement”.

I personally doubt that any Y. In an Italian team Conti, Gigante, el al. Have we found the fifth Italian Congress of Radiobiology nucleus’. However, after removal of the a radio transmission mechanism in biolo- at Turin what he called modestly “a few powerful At m-‘ magnetic field, gy? Using a cultured while the controls showed 92 out of 1 x Mastroianni look -alike from the Radiation T-lymphocyte cell line developed from positive results, these only showed 25 out Sciences Division, USAF School of mice CTLL-1 they exposed them to can- of “.

Aerospace Medicine at Texas, has been cer cells. Webb was more interested in the looking at the same problem from the for destruction. But when they did the action of microwaves. With a colleague higher radio -frequency point of view for same test while the T-cells were being A. Booth in he reported to over a decade. In he published a irradiated by microwaves at MHz the Naturel6 that at specific frequencies cell paper in “Rad Res”, the most important frequency used in America’s new phased- growth was significantly retarded, and scientific journal for radiation scientists, array early -warning system, PAVE- that temperature changes didn’t seem to which proved that radio frequencies can PAWS pulsed at 60Hz, the T-cells’ ability play a part in the effect.

Thus three fre- alter the immune system, at least at levels to kill the cancer cells was markedly quencies 66, 71, and 73GHz were found which slightly raise the temperature”. He inhibited. Later in they found the to slow the growth of cells, whereas also used mice, which he irradiated at same thing with power frequencies”: the 68GHz microwaves stimulated it. This had the effect of increasing in the presence of an electromagnetic of Pharmacy at Illinois, was following up their core temperature by two degrees field, evidence perhaps that this ‘radio some early post-war work by J.

It also induced acute transient interference’ was disrupting normal oper- Barnothy which found that, if mice were lymphopenia, that is to say loss of the ations in some way. Paul Brodeur refers to placed in magnetic fields their cell divi- vital lymphocytes which alone stand Lyle’s work in a series of New Yorker sion mitosis was generally retarded.

The between us and infection. Though critics have attacked life -span of leucocyte in the blood is what Madeleine Barnothy had seen: there some other parts of his piece, which short, of the order of one day, she pointed was a subsequent relative increase in caused a good deal of interest at the time, out.

Should the magnetic field affect the splenic T- and B- lymphocytes and, more- detractors have remained ominously silent leucocyte -producing organs, the leucocyte over, these elevated levels were further about these immune system effects.

In following exposures were given at three -hourly s, Webb in the s, and of up her notion she accidentally reproduced intervals. But if the mice were warmed Madeleine and J. Barnothy in the s leukemic conditions in her subjects: simply by applying hot air to achieve the and s on whole animals had already applying a vertical magnetic field did same temperature rise, there was no effect found similar effects.

In , Mario decrease the number of circulating leuco- on the mouse T-cells. Liburdy’s tests were not in the test tube, they were in vivo: but do mice react the same as human beings might? The disturbing thing about Lyle’s field strengths they were at z, the frequen- cy of the domestic US electricity supply was that they were only at about 0. Caution is counselled, however, because several factors affect this interpretation: I reduced cytotoxicity has so far been seen only in an in vitro preparation: 2 mouse, Interior negatively charged : rather than human cells were studied: 3 Section of cell membrane.

EM fields cause calcium loss and collapse of the protein our observations involve only one clone molecules leading to breakdown of the cell membrane. If subtle insults to the immune due to the influence of cultural levels, whether NI-EMFs affect human beings system by chronic exposure to appropriate subjective moods, consciousness, and deleteriously, such experiments also throw fields were cumulative, field strengths other environmental factors of the sub- light on life’s deepest processes, and in needed for a significant long-term inhibi- jects.

In contrast, the WBC phagocytosis particular begin to suggest that multicellu- tion of specific cells might be less than is an objective index of non-specific lar animals actually use some form of those observed in the short-term assays immune function”.

Lyle’s results have since been replicat- Bioelectricity. It was his Alberts, Bray and the team who devel- same as events in the live body. So are research into the effects of radar on Polish oped a recent massive textbook on cellular there any equally conclusive results, and servicemen which caused something of a biology”. The team includes the famous is the immune competence of whole live shock in epidemiological circles, by Jim Watson, who with Francis Crick and a animals also affected by magnetic -field reporting that, in a large-scale survey, London University team first described exposure at those minuscule levels?

Whatever the details, the triggering work, particularly from the eastern bloc’. Chiang and G. Yao, to salmonella in mice, rabbits, and guinea begun, DNA replication will continue from the Microwave Institute of Zhejiang pigs immunized following several months until all of the cell’s DNA is replicated”.

Medical University, is nothing if not of exposures to 10GHz microwaves at Watching the million linked laconic. Unfortunately, the conditions nucleotides in a human chromosome start “We investigated the effects of expo- of irradiation, time of daily sessions and to uncoil, as if in response to a mysterious sure to environmental magnetic fields in even the period of exposure were not signal, and with a startling speed spill out subjects.

Neutrophil phagocytosis described”. Visual reaction current spate of salmonella enteritises out- itself. The spilled nucleotides of DNA time was prolonged.

When one considers that an electron microscope would fill an A3 some high -intensity exposure groups. NI EMFs may affect the central nervous four-hour irradiation of the hen and egg For over a decade Reba Goodman, and immune systems in man”.

Thus runs alike by power-frequency light and heat, who is always ready to listen to critics of their abstract. In she. The subjects were living and work- Most of the acceptable information on immunological responses to low-level long-term exposure of experimental ani- presented three papers Bioelectromagnetics Society’s annual at. Szmigielsky cites four communicate their research progress”. Again, the power densi- 0. On the other ties and amplitudes used were minute: 0. Why and how do these elec-.

Meanwhile an Austrian researcher, place. These scaffolding poles are on its head and discovered that cells them- absent or virtually absent in cancer selves give off ultra -weak photon emis- sions. Using cucumber cells, he found that ” Ross Adey saw a cells Are the dying cells communicating positively charged ing site on the cell’s nucleus wall and the fact of their demise by minimum – starts to grow outward, mainly at the posi- power radio -telemetry to some distant calcium from cells tively charged end, towards the negatively charged interior of the plasma membrane.

Hospital have been addressing this enigma for nearly twenty years. His in this way. What happens when the cell mem- minute potential difference which acts as brane is exposed to any alternating EM an electrical barrier for the plasma mem- field is still a mystery, but in Susan brane, can signal to each other at a local Bawin and Ross Adey saw a tell -tale level. A similar result with human mononuclear the microtubules breaking down, leaving a surfeit of calcium inside the cell, which was then expelled?

Without their vital cies as are detected in EEG records cells was obtained by Stephen Cleary at supplies of calcium the cells subsequently 25Hz , has an inhibiting or sometimes Virginia’s Commonwealth University, risked becoming neoplastic, or cancerous.

In this case they used In following up this mysterious efflux of including the vital activity of cell division MHz CW the frequency of all calcium from brain tissue cells, Ross and protein synthesis.

Adey found that threads of protein from As Reba Goodman points out, an anal- When they examined the cells after one, the cell walls can sense weak electric ysis of the specific cellular responses to three and five days, they found that there fields and transmit them to the inside of NI-EMFs, based on an electrochemical had been a highly significant degree of the cell; a cellular aerial of a sort.

Adey also found that channels in a cell’s plasma membrane and another mitogen. This implies Blank, BBA, , predicts that intercellular signals, if carried by that the charged surfaces involved in Cellular Breakdown high -frequency carriers, must be coherent. The when phosphorylation is interfered with variety of mechanisms and models energy necessary to convey that message by protein kinase effectively enzyme offered.

Currently interest is centred on must come front within the cell itself, activators “. They found that when a cell cell membranes and the transport of sig- claims Frohlich. Frohlich points out quoting minutes.

If a cell was given the protein brane presents a formidable electric barri- Bullock. The same effect between the interior negatively charged As if anticipating the central nature of could be achieved with the help of a mod- and the exterior positively charged is morphogenetic control the way in which ulated microwave field.

However, in three groups of Inside the cell there are microtubular the electroencephalogram. It RF field, pulsed at Certainly the human brain is organised spatially so that the highest and strongest.

Wilder Penfield and Karl Lashley found r. Not long before then, Hans Berger had discovered oscilla- tions from the brain at 10Hz’, and rl’ Cazamalli claimed to have detected very much higher frequencies”. Without actually saying so, all these specialist researchers into the bio-effects of EM energy are being forced to admit a that cells intercommunicate coherently and b that artificial EM fields interfere with that communication system.

It is understandable that the myriad separate cells which comprise any multi – cellular organism are co-ordinated central- ly; indeed, if it had not been postulated one would have had to identify some sim- Low voltage, high current cable runs can induce large fields at bedroom height.

The backbone of any such co-ordinating system, moreover, group, unlike the controls, had suffered would have to embody a code or flag of some sort unique to that individual collec- minute lesions of cerebellar Purkinje ” The DNA macromolecule, – In Gadsdon and Emery examined locations of SIDS unique, as police pathologists now know, to every single creature, – has to be that the post -mortal brains of over one hun- dred human infants who had been the vic- victims, electric code.

If cellular biology points the way to tims of sudden infant death syndrome or cot death”. They found similar damage in field strengths EM signalling from the test tube and petri dish, the very same message is emerging the majority of cases: sudden loss of the fatty sheath of the corpus callosum the were at least four from live animal studies. Most protein synthesis, as Haider and Oswald showed”, connection between the cortical layers of times normal the two lobes of the cerebellum had led occurs during sleep, and particularly that to coagulation of its fatty tissue round the domestic levels kind of sleep known as ‘paradoxical sleep’.

It is called paradoxical because blood vessels of the lateral ventricles. One study by Eckert in the same year’ without exception” sleep scientists could not understand why, had pointed out that in Hamburg, West when the body was so inert and “dead to Germany and Philadelphia in the USA.

Could it he that ways. Following up these studies I too to the new location it would unexpectedly the brain itself was communicating found that at the actual cot locations of be found dead, with the only prior indica- instructions for the mitosis and protein SIDS victims, electric field strengths were tion a few snuffles, suggestive of minor synthesis which took place at such times?

Could this be evidence Measuring the fields in the new cot EMFs and Cot Deaths that the neonatal brain’s transmission sys- location, I would typically Before one can examine such specula- tem had overloaded in trying to compete find electric field levels of around tions it is important to imagine what hap- with an interfering signal? Hans Ame Hanssen deserves further investigation.

Often the off the electricity at the mains would col- of Gothenburg has devoted most of the source was obvious; for example, an lapse this field completely.

His classic experi- infant would characteristically sleep in the A study by two US researchers, Barnes ment placed two groups of young mam- parental bedroom for the first few week and Wachtel”, this year established that mals from the same litters underneath after return from the maternity hospital.

So the cot -death protected by a Faraday cage. After several ly. Meanwhile, a nursery room might typi- infants had been chronically exposed to months the animals were killed and subse- cally be prepared, and quite naturally the fields many times the norm prior to death.

Ayotte et al. Suppression of T-Lymphocyte unwittingly linking cot death to electric cytotoxicity following exposure to 60 Iz sinusoidal electric fields.

Paul Brodeur. The Zapping of America. Mario Lenzi. A repon of a few recent experiments on the bio-. Radial: Webb and A. Absorbtion of microwaves by Another case was reported in the Lancet organisms. Nature The UK allows microwave expo- Barnothy and J. Biological Effects of Magnetic of an infant found unexpectedly dead alter sure orders of magnitude greater Fields.

Medical Physics 3. Yearbook Pubs.. RF radiation alters the immune system: Modulation than those existing in Russia and of T. In the US, and at levels which have tence by hypenhermic radiation. Radiation Research. Kaune and R. Comparison of the coupling of deaths simply to overheating. A little -reported study by Nancy Birndecrrnntag netics. Considerable concern has been Yao it:ls et al itals. Health effects of envi- Wertheimer also adds weight to the possi- shown in the five deaths that have ronmental electromagnetic fields.

Binelertricirv, 8 1 : bility’: she found that foetal loss among occurred at the Royal Signals Modem Bioelectricity Dekker. Stanislaw Szmigielski. Marian Bielec et al. Immunologic and more frequently in homes heated by ceil- vern, all from brain tumours, giv- cancer -related aspects of exposure to low-level microwave and radio frequency fields in modem bioelectricity Marino.

New York. Since amniotic fluid maintains Physiological mechanisms of action of elec- national average. The MoD has tromagnetic fields. Bruce Alberts, Dennis Braylitals et a1 itals. Garland Publishing. Reba Goodman. Lin -Xiang Wei et al. Relationship of tran- cases can he eliminated. Ceiling -cable irradiation. Blank and Reba Goodman. Two pathways in the electro- blanket that has been installed in the ceil- exposure from airport radars indi- magnetic stimulation of biosynthesis.

BEMS Ilth. AZ Fritz Albert Popp. On the coherence of ultrawcak photon emis- flowing at the outer edges of the cable One residential building within sion from living tissues.

Kilmister ed. Disequilibrium and pattern is unbalanced, just as it is in elec- line -of -sight exposure from radars Self Organisation, D. Fletcher, Anna- Marie Maninezlitalsl et al itals. As a result strong electric at two airfields had a cancer mor- Regulation of cell -cell communication by phosphorylation: a pos- and magnetic fields are generated. BEMS 11th Ann. Animals seem sensitive to electric control group. Darragh Foley -Nolan, P. In vitro fields, both natural and artificially gener- These.

BEMS 11th. Li -Ming Liu et al. Modulation of mammalian cell highly intelligent and fast -reacting crea- suggested link between microwa- proliferation by in vitro isothermal radio -frequency radiation. BEMS 1th Ann. However, they 1. Alcorta itals et al itals. Neoplastically beyond the capability of human beings. In are supported by a number of solid transformed cells contain few stress fibers. Bawin and W. Ross Adey. Sensitivity of calcium binding they can also he sensitive to EM fields linkage.

The results of the studies in cerebral tissue to weak environmental electric fields oscillating at low frequency Prm. Ilerben Frohlich. The biological effects of microwaves and related questions. Even Wireless World. Neurosciences Rea Frog. Ross Adey and Susanne Bawin. Brain interactions with weak electric and magnetic fields. References MIT Press. The biological action of ultrasound and Raphael EIul. Large regions of the brain can oscillate superhigh frequency electromagnetic fields in the three centimeter coherently.

Aranyi er al. A pilot study of the interaction of Penftels and E. AD Chicago ill.. Brain Search for effects of z Fulton and J. The representation of magnetic fields on live tryglicerides in mice. Naval Aerospace Res. Cell comp. De Lorge. A psychobiological study of rhesus monkeys Hans Berger.

User das Elekirenkephalogram des htenschen. USN Rept. Dietrich Beischer. Grissetgitals et a1 itals. Exposure of Freidrich Cazzrmuli. Repon of high frequency oscillations in man to magnetic fields alternating at ELF Bureau of Medicine and the brain. Grey Walter. The Living Brain. Pelican Books. Krumpe and M. Evaluation of the health of Haider and I. Protein Synthesis enhanced during of Loudon public school for hoes, and to Report for Naval Research Unit No.

Paradoxical sleep. I lansson. The continuing medical surveillance of personnel ly induced by electric fields.

Brain Res. Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Naval Aerospace Medical Research Gadsdon and 1. Emery Fatty change in the brain Library. NAMRL Electromagnetic Man. UK Egon Ecken. Plotzlicher and uncrwancier Tod in 9. Biological effects of electric and magnetic fields Kleinskindesaher and elekiromagnetische Felder.

Macfarlane h. Sudden Bridges and M. Biological influences of power Infant Death: Patterns. Open Books the psychology division , specialising in frequency electric fields. A tutorial review from a physical and Publishing, Somerset IE 69 9 : 1 Frank Barnes. Itoward Wachtel et al. Use of wiring configura- II. Giganielitals el al itals.

Reduced mitogenic tions and wiring codes for estimating externally generated electric Currently, Mr Coghill is working as an stimulation of human lymphocytes by extremely low frequency and magnetic fields. Biaelenrnniugnem s. Ft:BS 1 : Chandralinds et allitals. Sudden infant P Schecter er al.

Suppression of T-Iymphocyte death syndrome and water beds. NEIM Annals of Radiation. Power Transistors. Applications include diagnosis of both hardware and software faults, and investigation of any problems encountered with handshaking protocols. No similar software comes near the price.

P free. Henson Ltd. Finchley, and Spice. Age is a new product for the IBM range which provides facilities for transient and Foune analysis as well as D. London, N12 8JG. Ilford, Essex. IG3 9NL. Telephone THE previous articles have ting exposure levels rests with the given an overview of the state Health and Safety Executive HSE who of our published knowledge base these on scientific advice from the regarding possible health NRPB.

They, in turn, take considerable effects of alternating electric notice of advice from the Medical and magnetic fields at low levels. The Board will issue further appear to be evidence for athermal bio- advice as the results and conclusions of logical effects, particularly of magnetic such research and studies become avail- fields, at all levels of biological organi- able, and intends to publish a review of zation.

However, the experimental evi- the existing biological and epidemiolog- dence is often statistically weak and ical evidence in the near future”. The 11 proves difficult to reproduce. It is not repon was approved in November This list consists mainly j-‘,Tis :Ill iro El tinuous exposure to 50Hz magnetic of lists of other ‘official’ bodies’ reports,.

In r Guidelines has raised this to 2mT. UK one. No explanation is given for this effects of EM fields had been deliberate- change of view. In the UK, the responsibility for set- published its promised literature review. Work in these areas is often funded directly or indirectly by the military or large firms with vested interests. Controversial work is often classified or just stopped. Let us consider some specific examples. In , Dr Milton Zaret was one of. According to Zaret, exposure to either thermal or non -thermal radia- tion can cause cataracts, which can -tt J remain latent for months or years.

Zaret Lake, Wisconsin, site. When Beischer tried to talk to other US official bodies about this work, he was removed from rl his post as a research team leader at the lJ US Navy’s Pensacola Research Labs and – his previously unclassified work was 4 subsequently classified.

Dr Beischer had r , been one of the US Navy’s principal investigators since the late s. At the time, Becker had been appointed to the civil- ian advisory committee looking at the possible health effects of the Sanguine transmissions. The frequencies were 45Hz and 75Hz and, after considering – the evidence, the committee unanimous-.

Becker’s crime was to establish a clear link between power lines and health hazards. His punishment was sci- entific exile. Now, at 59, he is enjoying a forced early retirement, despite his world- wide reputation for original research work. Mrs Yannon charged that RCA was responsible for the wrongful death of her husband due to long-term microwave exposure.

Yannon died in at the age of 62; in his final months, he lost almost all his sight, memory, speech and motor co- ordination. The workers’ compensation panel had earlier ruled that “There was a direct causal relationship between Yannon’s exposure to microwave radi- ation during his employment and his subsequent disability, all of which ulti- mately resulted in his death”.

Its historical record, however. This is the only study they have published The UK: new houses are built under power lines following up the work of Nancy Wertheimer et al. Prior to my involve- between childhood cancers and 50Hz York State and Becker found that the ment with this public hearing I was sup- Sweden.

Tomenius, first Navy would not admit to possessing ported by several granting agencies to announced in and 60Hz USA their data or the committee report.

Ile do my research work. I had access to the Wertheimer et al. Indeed, fy. The power companies. In addition we were subject attributable to power- frequency magnet- cleared electromagnetic fields as provid- to administrative harassment by the ic fields of around nT and above.

The line was given agency for which I was basically work- The Wertheimer and Tomenius stud- the go-ahead. To quote Robert Becker ing. Likewise, there are doz- ens of powerful utilities, software tools, sprite editors, and such. Another factor which contin- ues to help sell the 64 is its price. Peripherals, too, can be quite rea- sonable. Light pens, graphics tablets, and a host of other add-ons are all remarkably inexpensive, relative to many com- peting lines.

And, of course, there’s a tremendous amount of quality software — both traditional favor- ites and the new packages which continue to be introduced and con- tinue to sell well. Niche markets have sprung up using the 64 for everything from timing scientific experiments to controlling burglar alarm systems and monitoring the weather.

Where previously a specially designed ma- chine would have been required, now an inexpensive, fully program- mable, general-purpose computer can be assigned to one task. Overall, the 64 and its family can be expected to continue to sell well for the next several years. Publications will con- tinue to supply some of the best ap- plications, games, and utilities for this outstanding and surprisingly durable machine. And Japan to the ground. These were the silent killers: Tench.

Gato, U-Boat. And now, they return. In this, the most realistic, all-encompassing simula- tion ever created for the personal computer. You will com- mand one of six types of Amer- ican subs or German Kriegs- marine U-Boats, during any year from to Mail lu Sub Batik Prej:itw. Box Or you’ll en- And the contents of a vital target book, among other things. And mines. But even all that may not be enough. Because besides the risk of bumping a depdi charge or facing a killer Destroyer, you’ll still have to contend with the gunfireof enemy aircraft.

No simulation has [ Tftf Nij. Each vessel is com- pletely unique and painstakingly authen- tic, so you’ll have a lot to learn: Navigation. Salt Ifillfr lank. W’titt T t’ltrifirtition. Savinc Advertising Sales Richard J. Theobald, Jr. Thompson, Inc. Box , F. Box , Des Moines,! A Include a note in- dicating your preference to receive only your subscription. By submitting articles to coMruTE! No portion of this magazine may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher.

Rights to programs developed and submitted by authors are explained in our author contract. Unsolicited materials rot accepted for publication will be returned if author provides a self -addressed, stamped en- velope.

Where programs are included in an article submission, a tape or disk must accompany the submission. Printed listings are optional, but helpful.

Articles should be furnished as typed copy upper and lowercase, please with double spacing. Each article page should bear the title of the article, date, and name of the author.

COMPUTEI Publications assumes no responsibility for damages, delays, or fail- ure of shipment in connection with authors’ offer to make tape or disk copies of programs published herein. And all programs take full advantage of the 1 28’s power: Each is used in 1 28 mode.

All the listings ore carefully tested and the information is dependable and current. New York, NY For kids ond adults alike. NC residents please add 5 percent and NY residents add 8. Pleose allow d-4 weeks for delivery. Create your own formulas, perform eaiculatiims for anytiiing from simple geometry to “what if” cost project ions.

Includes geoMerge to customize form letters and invitations. ConnecLs easily to OimttKidores with fewer wires and no interface box. Jiin’ Cfa. You’re going to discover power. Not the kind of power that blasts aliens out of the galaxy. But the kind that whips through boatloads of data in seconds. The kind that crunches numbers and drafts documents like child’s play.

The kind you find in GEOS. Every GEOS application can take your Commodore from “mastering the universe” to a university master’s degree, with all kinds of advanced capabilities that function at hyper- speeds you never imagined possible. So if you’re tired of toying with technology, try playing around with GEOS. Once you feel its power, you’ll know that for anyone who still thinks Commodores are toys, the game’s over.

Berkeley Softworks The brightest minds are working at Berkeley. Editors and Readers Da you have a question or a problem? Have you discovered something that could help other Commodore users? We want to hear from you. Box , Greensboro. NC We regret that due to the volume of mail received, we cannot respond indi- vidually to programming ijuestions. I don’t understand how programs are put into a SYS location. It’s similar to RUN in that it lakes you out of immediate mode where the computer is waiting for you to type some- thing and starts up a program.

An ML program, however, can begin at any memory loca- tion. Therefore, you must specify the ad- dress of the first byte of the machine language subroutine when you do a SYS. Many ML programs for the 64 begin at the unused memory block located at The line SYS begins execution of these programs. ML programs can be stored in memo- ry in a variety of ways.

When you see a program with a block of DATA statements, those numbers are sometimes a machine language program. You can also load ML programs from tape or disk. Still other machine language routines arc already in memory when you turn on the computer. BASIC is itself a machine lan- guage program. I like the idea of the 64 MLX Keypad, where you use certain letters on the keyboard to stand for numbers, but the layout “MLX” uses is different than what I am used to at work.

How can I change the MLX keypad? First, make sure you’re using Ver- sion l. I of MLX line 10 has the version tiumber. For instance, if you want a 1 to appear when you press the Q key, change the J in line to Q.

A j usually produces the numeral 1 see the keypad chart in the MLX article elsewhere in this issue. Can this clock be reset to zero or any number without turning off the 64? After some experimentation, 1 figured that this number advances approxi- mately 60 times per second. Can you please explain about this also? As you’ve discovered, the clock ticks 60 times a second. The clock is set to zero whenever you turn on a 64 or other Commodore com- puter. There’s only one system clock in Commodore cotnputers.

The variable Tl telh you the total number of jiffies that have passed since the clock was reset. Di- vide Tl by 60 to convert this to seconds. To convert a string to a numeric value, use the VAL function. It illustrates how to use the jiffy clock to time an event waiting for a keypress, in this case.

One problem 1 have run into is that 1 can’t get variables to print in the graphics mode. We have to do major calculations every day. Things like payables and receivables. And lord only knows how many quarterly cost projections. That’s why we developed geoCalc. You see, we not only sell software for Commodores, we actually use them in our own offices. So vvhen Lee needs to project in- ventory costs, or Brian wants to figure employee bonuses, the first tiling they do is load up geoCalc.

Witli geoCalc, you get columns and rows to fill with all kinds of text and numbers. And formulas that range from simple addition to arctangents and cosines that could knock any physicist cold. IS Berkeley There are investment functions. Even a random immber generator. And writing your own formulas is as easy as, umm With mouse in hand, you can zip all over the huge spreadsheet, solving “what if ‘ questions with a few quick clicks.

Questions like, “If Sheila takes the waitress job, how much can we expect our taxes to increase? So if you notice a need to decimate digits, consider crunching them with geoCalc.

We rely on it for our business. In fact, we couldn’t manage without it. To order call cxt. KoreiKii for iillit irig and hiitidlinsj. Allow six weeks for delivery. Ci 11 iiti. And after you save it, how do you load and list it? Ashton C. Hobbs A sequential file would suit your pur- poses.

To create a sequential file, you open it for writing, write to it, and then close it. You can turn off the computer, and the information will still be in the disk file. The program below reads and prints the names from the file. NT sent it to the file. The OPEN statement at the begin- ning of each program must be followed by three numbers numeric variables would work as well and a filename or a string variable. The commas must separate the three numbers, which indicate the logical file ttumber, the device number, and the secondary address.

It can be any number in the range The device number is 8 for single disk drives. Additional drives are usually numbered ; printers are usually device 4; cassette drives are de- vice 1. The secondary address means dif- ferent things to different devices.

For disk drives, it tells the drive which channel to use. When you’re using sequetUial disk files, the secondary address may be any number from 2 to 14, but if you ever have more than one file open simultaneously, you must be careful that each file has a unique secondary address.

The first information to go into a file is the first to come out when you read it. The name of the variable is not saved to the file, only the information contained by the variable. You’re not limited to string variables, either. Paddling Around I’m constructing a program that uses the paddles. Can you print a short pro- gram for me? Books’ Programming the Commodore The variables X and Y return tlie val- ues of the two paddles aiidFB returns the value of the two fire buttons each paddle normally has its own.

The paddles sliould be plugged into port 2. The program prints three numbers. The first two are the values oftlte two pad- dles. The third number contains the paddle fire button itiformation. A 12 means that neither button is pressed, a 4 or an 8 means one of the buttons is pressed, and a means that both are pressed.

DEC generates the decimal nu- meric value of a character string which presumably holds a hexadecimal number. You’ll get an error message if the string contains any characters other than the numbers or the letters A-F.

How- ever, the quotes inside the parentheses are required only when you are using a literal string, as the “” above. David P. Ballin I have recently taught myself machine language out of a book. However, when 1 do this, the computer crashes. Either something is wrong with my computer or I can’t take advantage of this free RAM in direct mode.

How can I program this memory? Ill , Hi II. Finding the ones you need is anotner. Which is why you should consider buying georile.

Whether they’re receivables or reci- pes, once you have geoFile, you can fly through facts in sec- onds, clicking and picking the ones you want, just the way you want them. It’s as simple as fill- ingout a form. The geoFile “form” organiiies all kinds ofin formation. Like names, numbers, rates of objects’ accelera- tion when dropped from two-story buildings — you name it.

As much as you can fit on a printed page. You want names of bus drivers? From Arizona? Under five foot six? Between the ages of 33 and 35? Who sneezed in June? Just click your mouse and watch feoFile go to work, earching. Comparing and listing the data alphabetically. Or numerically. Or in whatever priority your form specifies. You can put the data into form letters and lists with geo- Merge. Or into math functions, with geoCalc. Or if you really want to get n Berkeley Softworks fancy, you can display vour infor- mation graphically with geoChart.

And geoFile does it all in seconds. Now, with all that in mind, what are you going to do — spend a few bucks on geoFile? Or spend all night wishing that you had? From the roiir uf the crowd to the swish of Uie net, from slam dunks to three-point shots, it’s all here – last and competitive. Not only is there team action, but you can even compete in a 4-division, teaiu league – all the way to the playoffs and the GBA Championship game!

When you’re ready to jump into the big leagues of computer basketball, start with the game that begins where the others leave oil- GBA Championship Basketball: TWo-on-lWo.

Commodore Amiga I Teen shown. If the bit is on, ROM is etiabkd. If it’s off, the memory is available. Hi-Res 80 Columns I recently downloaded a program from a telecommunications service.

It shows that bitmapped graphics are possible on the ‘s column screen, something Commodore never revealed probably because they never knew. After using the program, I have a cjuestion. Can the co! Lyle C, Seplowitz The chip that controls the column dis- play, the , was designed by Commo- dore specifically for the , soil’s certain that they did know about the ‘s hi-res bitmapped mode.

It’s true that the System Guide doesn’t make any mention of it, but that’s because BASIC and the op- erating system don’t support bitmapped mode, so Commodore considers it an ad- vanced topic.

Books and Commodore’s own Commo- dore Programmer’s Reference Guide published by Bantatn Books have sections that explain how the column chip works. An explanation of all Ihe column chip’s capabilities would require a com- plete article. To briefly answer your ques- tion about multiple colors, yes it it possible to display all 16 colors on the screen at once.

In bitmapped mode, each pixel is represented by a single bit in the area of column screen memory known as the bitmap. Each bitmap bit controls whether the corresponding pixel will take ihe foreground color or the background color. The foreground and background colors can be specified in two ways. In the first, an area of screen memory can be set aside as attribute memory. Each byte in attribute memory holds foreground and background color values for a correspond- ing 8-bypixel character cell in the dis- play, analogous to color memory for the column screen.

Subscribe now and you can depend on a. So subscribe today. The problem with this system is the amount of memory it requires. The size of the SO-coiumn screen bitmapped display is programmable, but the default size is pixels horizotilally by vertically, a total of , pixels. Since each byte consists of eight bits, 1 6, bytes of mem- ory are needed for the bitmap. The chip has its own private bank of memory not shared with the rest of the system, but that bank contains only 16K 16, bytes.

Thus, there’s not enough memory re naining after the standard 16, bit- map is set up to provide the bytes re- quired for the corresponding attribute memory area. The alternate color system, used in most of the bitmapped graphics examples we have seen so far, eliminates the need for attribute memory, but at the cost of restricting you to only two different colors for the display.

That is, when attri- bute memory is eliminated, the fore- ground and background colors are common for all pixels in the display. There are three ways to add addition- al colors to the hi-res screen. The first is to shrink the size of the bitmap, displaying oidy about , pixels.

You can then allocate the free memory as attribute memory and display any one of 16 fore- ground colors in each 8-bypixet area in the smaller 6iO-by-l pixel display.

The second method ss to simulate bitmapped mode in text mode by redefining the available character patterns. In other words, use custom characters. The third is to replace the 16K of column screen memory with 64K, which requires dcsol- dering the memory chips and solderitig new ones in place. Needless to say, this would void your warranty and is not a project for novices. Big Variables, Small Variables I am working on a program that re- quires a lot of memory to load and a lot of memory to store variables.

Accord- ing to the Programmer’s Reference Guide, five bytes of memory are used to store floating-point variables, while only two are required for an integer. I wrote a simple program to print the current available RAM and then did some testing.

A floating-point array of values takes up bytes, adhering closely to the 5-bytes rule. Dimension- ing an array of integer variables took up bytes, dose to 2 bytes per integer variable. However, when 1 tried assigning a value to several different scalar vari- ables, each required seven bytes, whether it was floating-point or inte- ger. Why do individual variables take up the same amount of room? John R. When you reference a variable, the system lias to scan through memory to find it.

If variables start at every seventh byte, the computer doesn’t have to slow down to figure out where the next variable is. Within the seven bytes, the first two indicate the variable name. A value of may or may not be added to the first or second letter, depending on what type of variable it is.

Floating-point variables use all five of the remaining bytes, integer variables use two of the five bytes, and string variables use three one for the length of the siring and two for a pointer to the address where the string is stored.

Arrays are handled a little different- ly To find the value of A 52 , BASIC first searches for the beginning of the AO array and then calculates the location of ele- ment There’s no need to look throttgh the previous 52 values of the array.

Float- ing-point arrays need five bytes per mem- ber, while integer arrays use less memory, only two bytes. The name of the array and a pointer to the be- ginning of the storage area adds an over- head of seven bytes, to give you a total of and , the sizes you reported.

If you feel like a lost soul when It comes to music software, get the bible. Detailing over items which range from software to accessories to books, Coda is a remarkably user- friendly catalog that takes the confusion out of searching for the right music. It’s the computer-using musician’s best resource today. In fact, if you can’t find what you need in Coda, chances are it doesn’t exist.

Order Coda today for only S4. Or write to: Wenger Corp. C2, Owatonna, MN It’s not only inspirational, it’s divine guidance. All major credit cards accepted. Or call collect No Brag. And now the facts! When you show your support by buying Timeworks software, we never stop show- ing ours. That’s why our twelve Customer Support Technicians have been giving our T. Technical Loving Care for over four years. Timowortts, Inc.

Plus, with Sideways, prints all your columns on one, continuous sheet – sideways! It is important to have good structure so that the programs may be easily understood and modified by oth- er programmers. In my opinion you should group blocks of the program that do one function and clearly mark and describe the function with REM statements. Corey Luecht There are many ways to judge the value of a computer program.

One way is lo ignore how the program is written and instead observe how it performs. A program that works well is, from one perspective, a well-written program. For instance, if you use a word processor, the internal struc- ture of the program is unimportant, in- deed it’s unknown — instead, you want the word processor to help you do what you need to get done.

When we select a program to be published, we took for many things: utility, enter- tainment value, ease of use, visual appeal, creativity, and programming technique. Although we appreciate the fact that many of our readers learn programming techniques from the programs we publish, we simply don’t have the time to rewrite programs in the magazine to conform to our ideas of elegance. For example, one factor that works against structured programs is size. A lib- erally commented program could easily be three times as large as a more compact, uncommented program.

Such a program would take up too much space in the mag- azine. Also, in many cases, a structured program runs more slowly. What looks like an inelegatit subroutine might be op- timized for speed. REM statements take up both space and time. In a compiled language, com- ments are automatically deleted from the running program.

Many programmers think of BASIC as a latiguage that is best used to quickly write utilities atid test ideas. Some of these programmers see structured programming techniques as a hindrance. V Top Guns don’t always fly on air. Intelligence reports enemy missile corvettes fleeing toward Libya. Additional enemy patrol craft seen in area.

Seek out and destroy. Take no prisoners. The Need for Speed. Guns blazing, you lock-on and launch a Harpoon guided missile. Through the water spouts of his near misses, you see him explode into flames. Another mission accomplished. The Patrol Hydrofoil Missitocraft. So agllB, enomy radar mistakes It for low-flying aircraft.

So fast, enemy forces have only minutes to react. So deadly, there is no second cliance. A Commanding Simulation. I 8 real-life missions in today’s danger zones like the Persian Gulf, the Eastern Mediterranean and the Gulf of Sidra, I Time compression speedsaction to x normal. I Comprehensive operations manual includes mission briefings and enemy vessel spotter cards. I Technical consultant: Boeing Marine Systems.

The direct price It S Boi CA Plea«eallow4 week! Screen shots represent C64 version. Others may vary. Appla II is a reglfltared trademark of Apple Computer.

Lucatfllm Gemet. PHM Pegasus, and all elements of the game lanUty. All riflhts reserved. Electronic Aria, auttiorlied uier. With it came a flurry of exciting neiv hard- ware and software products — plus plenty of good news for Commodore owners. Commodore 64 and owners have a lot to smile about. For the past year, the new-generation bit machines — the Amiga, Atari ST, Macintosh and Apple IlGS — have captured many of the headlines in the home computer market.

While many 64 and owners may have wondered if their machines were soon to follow the VlC’s path to obsolescence, the good news is that these machines continue to sell very well. Looking more like an agitated beehive than a showcase for state-of-the-art elec- tronics technology, the floor of the Las Vegas Convention Center teemed with more than , people. While the majority of CES product displays were in audio and video, the personal computer hard- ware and software element was significant.

Not surprisingly. Commodore and Atari had the largest and most popular booths in the computer section. Both companies an- nounced a number of interesting new hardware products. They also shared their booth space with a va- riety of third-party hardware and software developers in support of their respective products. While Com- modore’s introduction of its PC compatibles was merely a formali- ty — the debut of these machines in the U.

While Atari pulled a rabbit out of a hat. Commodore had a quiet surprise of its own. See “The New Amiga Family” following this article. On the rebound with three consecutive profitable quarters — after a dismal and shaky six-consec- utive-quarter loss — the company appears to be on steady ground.

The cost-cutting measures imple- mented in and early are surely one reason for Commodore’s newfound state of health. In and 64 sales. Shepherd noted that toward the end of , they “virtually sold everything to the walls. We virtual- ly sold out of each machine,” In light of an optimistic fore- cast. Commodore announced a number of new and 64 hard- ware products at CES, Shoppers who decide on the will now have to choose between configura- tions. According to Shepherd, this version of the has been in Europe since “What happened was that the origi- nal design of that machine did not pass the FCC and required a sub- The Commodore ‘s new twin— the D.

That was the reason for its going to Eu- rope but not here. The disk drive, a unit considerably smaller than the or , supports 3V2-inch disks. Also, 3V2-inch disks- housed in a hard shell— suffer less disk damage. Accidental bending — not uncommon with the SVi-inch floppy— is eliminated. Commodore 64 owners who want more memory should be pleased with the new RAM Ex- pansion module, which plugs into the expansion port to add 25 6K of memory.

Commodore’s new RAM expander adds K of memory to the Data transfer on the JCT drives is 1. JCT also noted that a dual hard drive is planned and should be available this spring.

Kemal Meg Hard Disk Drive. Developed by Fiscal Information, this drive was originally announced more than two years ago, but never distributed. In late , Cardco announced its plans for manufac- turing and distributing the drive, but soon after, Cardco went out of business. Xetec, awaiting FCC ap- proval at the time of the show, plans to have the drive available through dealers by the time you read this. The Old War Horse The Commodore 64, with its tre- mendous software base and impres- sive computing power at a very low price, is understandably still a huge bestseller.

Interestingly, while some industry’ observers have been ring- ing the death knell for the 64 over the past two years, recent comments have gone in the other direction. Bing Gordon, vice president of mar- keting for Electronic Arts, thinks that the 64 will sell well into the s. Nigel Shepherd agrees: “1 think if somebody had said to me — maybe in ’85 — what future do you see for the 64, I would have been very aggressive and said ‘At least through to ‘ We finally said, ‘Why should we try to supercede this product when there’s still demand out there?

We’re going to continue to look at that machine to see how we can make it more attractive and more competidve. While there were fewer packages announced at this CES than were introduced at the and shows, the overall quality of the new products is higher than ever.

When you compare the quality and prices of this year’s products with those of — when the market was inundated with Com- modore software — it’s apparent that the consumer is the beneficia- ry.

Competition has weeded out a number of companies with sub- standard products, while some of the major players have consolidat- ed product lines or merged with other quality publishers. It remains to be seen whether developers can take the eight-bit Commodores any fur- ther, but, as it appears now, all bets are on. Elsewhere In Electronics The home computer market is a sig- nificant part of CES, but the major- ity of products at the show are in the audio and video arena.

The bulk of CES floor space is com- prised of the latest in stereo compo- nents, VCRs, TVs, satellite dishes, CD players, video cameras, tele- phones, electronic keyboards and drum machines, calculators, and more. And there are hundreds of smaller companies who make ac- cessories or support products for many of these hi-tech players.

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